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Grammar Reference

Hello When two or more

people own two or These are Carl’s and
The verb be more di ferent things, Tom’s books.
we add ’s to each owner.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
FULL SHORT FULL SHORT note
FORMS FORMS FORMS FORMS We use of + noun to show that something belongs
I am I’m I am not I’m not to a thing or to an abstract noun.
You are You’re You are not You aren’t The windows of this house are very big.
He is He’s He is not He isn’t
She is She’s She is not She isn’t The verb have got
It is It’s It is not It isn’t • We use the verb have got:
We are We’re We are not We aren’t - to express possession.
© MM Publications
You are You’re You are not You aren’t I’ve got a smartwatch.
They are They’re They are not They aren’t
- to talk about family and relationships.
QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS He’s got two brothers.
- to describe people, animals and things.
Am I? Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Are you? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t. Tina has got long hair.
Is he? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. AFFIRMATIVE
Is she? Yes, she is. No, she isn’t. I/You/We/They ’ve (=have) got
Is it? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t. He/She/It ’s (=has) got
Are we? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t.
Are you? Yes, you are. No, you aren’t. NEGATIVE
Are they? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
I/You/We/They haven’t (=have not) got
Mr Spencer isn’t a waiter. He’s a chef. He/She/It hasn’t (=has not) got
note QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
Short forms are more common in spoken language Yes, I/you/we/they have.

and in informal writing. Have I/you/we/they got? No, I/you/we/they haven’t.

Yes, he/she/it has.
Possessive adjectives Has he/she/it got? No, he/she/it hasn’t.

PERSONAL POSSESSIVE Possessive
PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES adjectives go Prepositions of place
I my before nouns, in The book is in the bag.
you your without articles.
he his He is my friend. on The mobile is on the bed.
she her His name is under The cat is under the chair.
it its Brian.
we our
you your There is / There are
they their AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
FULL SHORT FULL SHORT
Possessive case FORMS FORMS FORMS FORMS
We use the possessive case to express possession. singular There is There’s There is not There isn’t

FORMATION plural There are  There are not There aren’t
This is the girl’s bag.
Singular nouns take ’s. QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
This is Je f’s bike.
singular Is there...? Yes, there is. No, there isn’t.
That’s my parents’
Regular plural nouns take ’. plural Are there...? Yes, there are. No, there aren’t.
house.
• We use there is with singular nouns.
Irregular plural nouns take Here’s the children’s
’s. room. There’s a rug in my room.
Is there a pencil in my bag?
When two or more people This is Sally and • We use there are with plural nouns.
own the same thing, we add Ted’s lat. There are two lamps on my desk.
’s only to the last owner. Are there two bedrooms in your house?
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