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Grammar Reference

QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
Do I/we/you/they have to go? Yes, I/we/you/they do. No, I/we/you/they don’t
Does he/she/it have to go? Yes, he/she/it does. No, he/she/it doesn’t

• We use must and have to / has to to express obligation in the present and future.
 I must / have to wash the car today.
• We use mustn’t to express prohibition.
 You mustn’t be late again!
• We use don’t / doesn’t have to to express absence of obligation.
 You don’t have to come early tomorrow. It isn’t necessary.

Note:
The past tense of must and have to is had to and expresses
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obligation in the past. The negative form didn’t have to expresses
absence of obligation in the past.

Module 7

The verb should

The verb should

AffIRmATIvE I/He/She/It/We/You/They should go
NEGATIvE I/He/She/It/We/You/They shouldn’t go

QUESTIONS Should I/he/she/it/we/you/they go?
SHORT Yes, I/he/she/it/we/you/they should.
ANSWERS No, I/he/she/it/we/you/they shouldn’t.

We use should:
• to ask for and give advice.
 What should I do?
 You shouldn’t work so hard.
• to express an opinion.
 I think the children should eat more fruit.
• to make a suggestion.
 We should go to the cinema. There’s a nice film on.

-ing form
We use the -ing form (base form of the verb + -ing) as a noun. We use -ing forms:
• as subjects.
 Exercising is good for your health.
• after certain verbs: like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer, continue, stop, finish, start, keep, avoid, etc.
 Keep going and you’ll find the post office.
• after certain expressions: don’t mind, can’t stand, be interested in, How about...?, etc.
 I can’t stand being ill.
• after prepositions.
 We use a toothbrush for brushing our teeth.
• after the verb go to indicate activities.
 I go swimming every weekend.

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