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Grammar Reference

Hello A: What colour is this?
B: It's red.
• Where...?: We ask questions about places.
Plural nouns (regular) A: Where are you from?
• We form the plural of most nouns by adding -s to B: I’m from Italy.
the end of the word. • How are you?: We ask about someone’s health or
ruler  rulers pen  pens to ind out someone’s news.
A: How are you?
a / an B: Fine, thanks.
• We use a when the next word begins with a • How old...?: We ask about someone’s age.
consonant sound (s, t, x...). A: How old are you?
a desk a pencil B: I’m twelve years old.
• We use an when the next word begins with a
vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u). Imperative
an apple an umbrella AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
(base form of the verb) (Don’t + base form)
This / That Open your books. Don’t close your books.
• We use this to point out a person, animal or thing Sit down. Don’t stand up.
that is close to us.
This is a bag. • We use the imperative to ask someone to do
• We use that to point out a person, animal or thing something. We can use please to be more polite.
that is far from us. Open your books, please.
That boy over there is Peter.
Module 1
The verb be © MM Publications

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE The verb have got
FULL SHORT FULL SHORT
FORMS FORMS FORMS FORMS We use the verb have got:
I am I'm I am not I'm not • to express possession.
You are You're You are not You aren't I’ve got a tablet.
He is He’s He is not He isn’t • to talk about family and relationships.
She is She's She is not She isn't He's got two sisters.
It is It’s It is not It isn’t • to describe people, animals and things.
We are We’re We are not We aren’t Ted has got dark hair.
You are You're You are not You aren't
They are They’re They are not They aren’t AFFIRMATIVE
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
I have got I've got
Am I? Yes, I am. No, I'm not. You have got You've got
Are you? Yes, you are. No, you aren't. He has got He's got
Is he? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t. She has got She's got
Is she? Yes, she is. No, she isn't. It has got It's got
Is it? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t. We have got We've got
Are we? Yes, we are. No, we aren’t. You have got You've got
Are you? Yes, you are. No, you aren't. They have got They've got
Are they? Yes, they are. No, they aren’t.
NEGATIVE
Short forms are more common in spoken language
and in informal writing. FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
Question words I have not got I haven't got
You haven't got
You have not got
(What...?, Where...?, How...?) He has not got He hasn't got
• What...?: We ask questions about things, animals She has not got She hasn't got
and actions. It has not got It hasn't got
We have not got We haven't got
You have not got You haven't got
They have not got They haven't got
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