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Grammar Reference

QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS • Possessive adjectives go before nouns, without
articles.
Have I got? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
Have you got? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. This is my sister. Her name is Kelly.
Has he got? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
Has she got? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t. Possessive Case - Whose...?
Has it got? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t. • We use whose to ask about possession.
Have we got? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t. Whose jumper is this? It’s his jumper.
Have you got? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have they got? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t. • We use the possessive case to express possession.
We form the possessive case by adding ’s to a
singular noun. We add only ’ to plural nouns ending
Plural forms
in -s.
REGULAR NOUNS This is Mark’s smartwatch. It's Mark’s.
• most nouns take -s parrot  parrots That is my sister’s jacket.
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(in the plural) computer  computers My parents’ laptop is black.
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• nouns ending in -s, smartwatch  smartwatches note
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© MM Publications
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-ch, -sh, -x, -o, take -es box  boxes whose: asks about possession
• nouns ending in a hoody  hoodies who’s: who is
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consonant + -y, drop BUT Mina’s pet: expresses possession
the -y and take -ies boy  boys Mina’s my sister: Mina is
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• nouns ending in -f or scarf  scarves Mina’s got a pet: Mina has got
-fe, take -ves
Let’s
IRREGULAR NOUNS
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man  men tooth  teeth To make suggestions we use Let’s + the base form of
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woman  women person  people the verb.
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child  children mouse  mice Let’s sing.
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foot  feet ish  ish
The verb can
These / Those
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
• We use these to point out people, animals or
things that are close to us. FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
These are my books. I can dance I cannot dance I can’t dance
You can’t dance
You cannot dance
You can dance
• We use those to point out people, animals or He can dance He cannot dance He can’t dance
things that are far from us. She can dance She cannot dance She can’t dance
Those boys over there are my friends. It can dance It cannot dance It can’t dance
We can dance We cannot dance We can’t dance
Adjectives You can dance You cannot dance You can’t dance
They can dance They cannot dance They can’t dance
• We use adjectives before nouns and after the
verb be.
Emma has got a new skateboard. QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
Emma's skateboard is new. Can I dance? Yes, I can. No, I can’t.
• Adjectives are the same in singular and in plural. Can you dance? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.
This is a cute cat. Can he dance? Yes, he can. No, he can’t.
Those are cute cats. Can she dance? Yes, she can. No, she can’t.
Can it dance? Yes, it can. No, it can’t.
Possessive Adjectives Can we dance? Yes, we can. No, we can’t.
Can you dance? Yes, you can. No, you can’t.
PERSONAL POSSESSIVE Can they dance? Yes, they can. No, they can’t.
PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES
I my We use the verb can to express ability:
you your George can ride a bike.
he his
she her
it its
we our
you your
they their

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