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Grammar Reference

• before names of days and months. BMW cars are made in Germany. (by factory
on Monday / in July workers)
• before plural countable nouns or uncountable
nouns when we are talking about something in Subject Verb Object
general. Active Voice Mary wrote a letter.
Tigers are wild animals.
My brother likes chocolate.
• before abstract nouns (love, hope, beauty etc.).
You mustn’t lose hope. Subject Verb Agent
• before names of magazines, sports, games, Passive Voice A letter was written by Mary.
colours and languages (when they are not
followed by the word language).
commands and ask when we report requests. Publications
I buy J17 every week.
I like playing tennis. Present Simple Passive
Mike’s favourite colour is green. AFFIRMATIVE
They speak French. I am
• before names of squares, parks and lakes. He/She/It is called/given
Trafalgar Square, Central Park, Lake Winnipeg We/You/They are
• before the words hospital, school, work, home, NEGATIVE
bed, church, prison and university when they I ’m not
are used for the purpose for which they exist. He/She/It isn’t called/given
Steve was tired and went to bed. We/You/They aren’t
• before the words breakfast, lunch and dinner. QUESTIONS
We went to grandma’s for lunch. Am I
Is he/she/it called/given?
Reported Speech Are we/you/they
© MM
(Commands, Requests)
• We commonly use tell or order when we report Past Simple Passive

• The Imperative changes to full infinitive or AFFIRMATIVE
not + full infinitive. I/He/She/It was called/given
‘Stay there,’ said the man. We/You/They were
The man told me to stay there. NEGATIVE
‘Don’t take this away, please,’ she said. I/He/She/It wasn’t called/given
She asked me not to take that away. We/You/They weren’t
QUESTIONS
Passive Voice Was I/he/she/it called/given?
Use Were we/you/they
We use the Passive Voice to emphasise the action
rather than who or what is responsible for it.
Present Perfect Simple Passive
Formation AFFIRMATIVE
The Passive Voice is formed with the verb be in the
appropriate form and the past participle of the verb I/You/We/They have been called/given
of the sentence. The person who causes or carries He/She/It has been
out the action is called an agent and is preceded by
the preposition by. NEGATIVE
I/You/We/They haven’t been
Note: He/She/It hasn’t been called/given
We usually omit the agent:
• when the action interests us more than the agent. QUESTIONS
• when we don’t know the agent. Have I/you/we/they
My bag was found! (by someone who we do not Has he/she/it been called/given?
know)
• when it is easy to tell who the agent is.
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