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Grammar Reference

Time Clauses (Present - Future) Note:
• Time clauses begin with when, after, before, as • We use by + reflexive pronoun to show that
soon as, until, etc. someone does something alone, without any help
• When the sentence refers to the future, we usually from anyone else.
use the Present Simple in the time clause and the I always pack my suitcases by myself.
Future will in the main clause.
Module 7
Time clause Main clause
As soon as I know, I’ll tell you. A/An
Before I leave, I’ll help you with your
project. We use a/an before singular nouns when we
mention them for the first time or when we don’t
Note: When the time clause comes before refer to a specific item.
every day. © MM Publications
the main clause, the two clauses are
separated by a comma. There is a lamp in the room. There isn’t an armchair
in the room.
Prepositions of place The article ‘the’

next to The museum is next to the post office. ‘the’ is used:
in front of The bus stop is in front of the museum. • for somebody or something specific or already
opposite The library is opposite the museum. mentioned.
A: There’s a new car in the street.
between The museum is between the bank and B: Yes, it’s the car I bought yesterday.
the post office.
• for things that are unique.
behind The park is behind the museum.
the Earth, the Pyramids
• with the superlative of adjectives/adverbs.
Prepositions of movement Joan is the best dancer of all.
up Walk up this road. My canary sings the most beautifully of all.
down Go down Elm Street. • before names of seas, rivers, oceans and deserts.
the Black Sea, the Thames, the Indian Ocean, the
into Don’t come into the house with that Kalahari Desert
dog!
• before groups of islands, mountain ranges and
out of Brian walked out of the room. countries in the plural.
through This road goes through the park. the Azores, the Alps, the Netherlands
towards Walk towards the library. • before nationalities, when we refer to the whole
past Walk past the newsagent’s and turn left. nation.
The Chinese invented paper thousands of years
from...to Maria drives from her house to work
ago.
• before people’s surnames, when we refer to the
around Stop running around the garden! whole family.
The Simpsons came to see us last night.
Module 6 • before names of hotels, restaurants, theatres,
cinemas and newspapers.
Reflexive pronouns the Ritz, the National Theatre, the Guardian
• before musical instruments.
myself We use reflexive pronouns: My son plays the drums.
yourself • as objects of verbs when the subject • before the cardinal points.
and the object of the verb are the
himself same. Sussex is to the south of London.
herself I bought myself an expensive pair of ‘the’ is not used:
itself shoes. • before names of people, streets, islands,
ourselves • after certain verbs with prepositions mountains, cities, countries and continents.
(talk about/to, take care of, say to,
yourselves etc.). Joe Black, Oxford Street, Corsica, Everest, Rome,
themselves He never talks about himself. Turkey, Africa

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