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Grammar Reference
• to express purpose.
She went to the supermarket to buy some orange
We use should:
• to ask for and give advice. juice.
What should I do? • after certain verbs: want, would like, would love,
You shouldn’t work so hard. decide, forget, learn, teach, need, plan, promise,
• to express an opinion. try, etc.
I think the children should eat more fruit. I decided to buy a house near the sea.
• to make a suggestion.
We should go to the cinema. There’s a nice film on. • with too and enough.
This coffee is too hot to drink.
Can/Could/May/Will/Would We use the bare infinitive (base form of verb
without to):
• We use Can I..?, Could I..?, May I..? to offer help • after modal verbs (can, could, will, would, should,
and make requests. may, might, must).
Can/Could/May I help you? Will you stop talking?
Can/Could/May I have some more cake? You must visit the doctor today.
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• We use Can/Could/Will/Would you ..? to make • after the verbs let and make.
polite requests and ask for a favour. Could and She makes me study all the time.
Would are more polite. Mum, let me go to the party, please!
Can/Could/Will/Would you help me with my
homework? Note: We can use the verb help with a bare or full
infinitive.
• We use can/could to make suggestions. I always help my brother do his homework.
We can/could ask James to help us paint the I always help my brother to do his homework.
house.
-ing form
may/might/could We use the -ing form (base form of the verb + -ing)
• We use may, might and could to express as a noun. We use -ing forms:
possibility in the present or future. Might • as subjects.
expresses slight possibility. Exercising is good for your health.
We may/might/could go to the Summer Festival • after certain verbs: like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer,
next weekend. continue, stop, finish, start, keep, avoid, etc.
Keep going and you’ll find the post office.
Note: We use may not / might not to express lack of • after certain expressions: don’t mind, can’t stand,
possibility in the present or future. be interested in, etc.
Henry may not / might not be able to join us. I can’t stand being ill.
• after prepositions.
We use a toothbrush for brushing our teeth.
Question tags
Question tags are short questions at the end of • after the verb go to indicate activities.
statements. We use them: I go swimming every weekend.
• when we are not sure about something.
• when we want the other person to agree with us.
Module 5
We form question tags with the auxiliary or modal
verb of the sentence and a personal pronoun in the Relative pronoun/adverb
same person as the subject. The relative pronoun whose and the adverb where
You couldn’t see her, could you? introduce relative clauses.
Tom believed him, didn’t he? Pronoun Example

• When the statement is affirmative, we use a The man whose
negative question tag. POSSESSION whose wallet you found
The boys are at school, aren’t they? is over there.
• When the statement is negative, we use a positive
question tag. Adverb Example
She hasn’t seen the doctor yet, has she? The place where
PLACE where I live is beautiful.
Infinitive
We use the full infinitive (to + base form of the Note: Whose and where can never be omitted or
verb): replaced with that.

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