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Grammar Reference Present Perfect Simple with since / for /

how long
• We use the Present Perfect Simple with for, since
QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
and how long for actions that started in the past
Have I played? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. and continue up to the present.
Have you played? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. How long have you
Has he played? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. had this collection?
Has she played? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.
Has it played? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t. since + a point in time I’ve had this collection
Have we played? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t. It refers to the time since 2014.
when the action started.
Have you played? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have they played? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t. for + a period of time I’ve had this collection
It refers to the duration for three years.
of the action.
• We form the Present Perfect Simple with have/
has and the past participle of the verb. The past
participle of regular verbs is the same as the Past Module 3
© MM Publications
Simple (verb + - ed).
Too/Enough
• For a list of irregular verbs go to page 117. • We use too before adjectives and adverbs.
Too has a negative meaning and it means ‘more
We use the Present Perfect Simple: than necessary’.
• for actions which happened in the past, but we This coffee is too hot. I can’t drink it.
don’t mention when exactly. • We use enough after adjectives and adverbs,
I’ve visited the National History Museum, so I don’t but before nouns. Enough has a positive
want to go there again. meaning.
• for actions that happened in the past and their The weather is warm enough for a picnic.
results are obvious in the present. There’s enough food in the fridge.
Look! Jerry has broken his leg!
How much…? / How many…? / much /
Time Expressions
many / a lot of / lots of / loads of /
always, ever, never, before, so far, yet, already, just, a little / a few
once, twice, etc.
• We use How much...? with uncountable nouns
to ask about the quantity of something.
Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple How much milk is there?
Note: We also use How much...? to ask about
We use the We use the the cost or price of something.
Present Perfect Simple: Past Simple:
How much are these shoes? €100?
• We use How many...? with plural countable
• for actions that • for actions that nouns to ask about the number of something.
happened in the past, happened at a How many cans of lemonade do we need?
but we don’t say when definite time in the
exactly. past. We say when. • We use much with uncountable nouns, in
I have visited Rome. I visited Rome last questions and in negative sentences.
• with the time expressions: year. We haven’t got much money.
ever, never, before, so far, • with the time • We use many with plural countable nouns,
just, yet, already,always, expressions: usually in questions and in negative sentences.
for, since. yesterday, in 2016, There aren’t many books in the bookcase.
ago, last week/ • We use a lot of / lots of / loads of with
month, etc. uncountable and plural countable nouns,
usually in affirmative sentences.
Note: There is a lot of coffee in my cup.
• have/has gone means that someone has gone There are lots of / loads of apples in the fridge.
somewhere and is still there. • We use a little with uncountable nouns, in
Beth has gone to the supermarket. (She’s still affirmative sentences.
there.)
There is a little cheese on the table.
• have/has been means that someone has visited • We use a few with plural countable nouns, in
a place but has come back. Beth has been to affirmative sentences.
Barcelona. (Now she’s back.) There are a few magazines on the table.
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