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Past Progressive requests and ask for a favour. Could and Would are
more polite.
We use the Past Progressive: Can/Could/Will/Would you help me with my
• for actions that were happening at a speci ic point homework?
of time in the past.
Karen was cooking dinner at 6 o’clock yesterday must / have to / need to
evening.
• We use must + bare in initive to express personal
• to set the scene in a story. obligation in the present.
It was early in the evening and it was raining heavily. I must inish this by tonight. (= I say so.)
• for actions that were happening at the same time in • We use have to + bare in initive to express external
the past. In this case we usually use while or as. obligation in the present.
While I was doing the washing-up, my brother was You have to drive on the left when you’re in England.
vacuuming. (= It’s the law.)
Past Simple - Past Progressive NOTE
Time clauses (when, while, as, as soon as) Must and have to are used for the present; for the past
• We use the Past Progressive and the Past Simple and the future we use the forms of have to, expressing
in the same sentence when one action interrupted either personal or external obligation.
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another in the past. We use the Past Progressive for When I was at school, I had to wake up at 7 o’clock every
the longer action and the Past Simple for the shorter morning.
action. In this case we usually use while, when or as. We’ll have to work really hard to inish this project.
As/While/When they were walking in the forest, they
saw a bear. • We use need to + bare in initive to express
I was having a bath when the lights went out. necessity in the present or future.
I need to know how many people will be at the
NOTE meeting.
• We use as soon as with the Past Simple. mustn’t / can’t
As soon as we arrived on the island, we • We use mustn’t / can’t + bare in initive to express
ran to the beach. prohibition.
You mustn’t / can’t park here. (= You aren’t allowed to.)
don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t
Module 3 • We use don’t have to / don’t need to / needn’t + bare

in initive to express lack of obligation/necessity in
can / could the present or future.
We use can and could to make suggestions. Could is You don’t have to call us again. (= It isn’t necessary.)
She doesn’t need to buy us presents.
more polite.
You needn’t worry. Everything is under control.
We can go to an Italian restaurant, if you like. • We use didn’t have to / didn’t need to + bare
We could go for a swim in the afternoon. in initive to express absence of necessity in the
can / could / be able to past (something wasn’t necessary, but it is not clear
if it was done or not).
• We use can to express ability in the present. I didn’t have to / didn’t need to pick up the kids
The baby can speak.
from school.
• We use could to express ability in the past. NOTE
I could climb trees when I was young.
Need means that something is necessary. It is used:
• Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It • as a main verb in all tenses, in the a irmative,
is often used when we cannot use can. negative and question form. It is followed by a
He’ll be able to play football on Saturday. full in initive and forms the negative and question

can / could / may / will / would form with auxiliary verbs.
• We use Can I...?, Could I...?, May I...? to ask for • as a modal verb only in the negative and question
permission. We use can and may to give and refuse form of the Present Simple. It is followed by a
permission. bare in initive and forms the negative and question
Can/Could/May I go to the party? form without auxiliary verbs.
Yes, you can/may. AFFIRMATIVE QUESTIONS
No, you can’t / may not. I need to go. Do I need to go? / Need I go?
• We use Can I...?, Could I...?, May I...? to o fer help He needs to go. Does he need to go? / Need he go?
and make requests. NEGATIVE
Can/Could/May I help you?
Can/Could/May I have some more cake? I don’t need to go. / I needn’t go.
He doesn’t need to go. / He needn’t go.
• We use Can/Could/Will/Would you...? to make polite

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