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Grammar Reference

Hello

Plural nouns
• We form the plural of most nouns by adding -s to the end of the word.
book  books chair  chairs
a/an
• We use a when the next word begins with a consonant sound (s, t, x...).
a book a pencil
• We use an when the next word begins with a vowel sound (a, e, i, o, u).
an orange an apple
This/That
• We use this to point out a person, animal or thing that is close to us.
This is a book.
• We use that to point out a person, animal or thing that is far from us.
That girl over there is Maria.
Imperative
• We form the imperative with the base form of the verb. We form the negative form with don’t + base form.
Listen to the teacher! Don’t speak in the library!
• We use the imperative to ask someone to do something. We can use ‘please’ to be more polite.
Open your books, please!

Module 1

I, you / my, your • The possessive adjectives my and your are used

for the first and second person singular. They go
PERSONAL PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
before nouns, without articles.
I my What’s your name? My name is Larry.
you your
Are you Brazilian? No, I’m Mexican.
The verb be
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
I am I'm I am not I'm not Am I? Yes, I am. No, I'm not.
You are You're You are not You aren't Are you? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
He is He’s He is not He isn’t Is he? Yes, he is. No, he isn’t.
She is She's She is not She isn't Is she? Yes, she is. No, she isn't.
It is It’s It is not It isn’t Is it? Yes, it is. No, it isn’t.
We are We’re We are not We aren’t Are we? Yes, we are. No, we aren't.
You are You're You are not You aren't Are you? Yes, you are. No, you aren't.
They are They’re They are not They aren’t Are they? Yes, they are. No, they aren't.
We use short forms when we speak or write informally and full forms when we speak or write formally.

Question Words (Who...?, What...?, Where...?, How...?)
• Who...?: We ask questions about people. – Who’s that? – My friend Kim.
• What...?: We ask questions about things, animals and actions. – What’s your favourite sport? – Basketball.
• Where...?: We ask questions about places. – Where are you from? – I’m from Madrid.
• How are you?: We ask about someone’s health or to find – How are you?– Fine, thanks.
out someone’s news.
• How old...?: We ask about someone’s age. – How old are you? – I’m thirteen years old.
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