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Grammar Reference

Module 4

Prepositions of place
in The book is in the bag.
on The book is on the box.
under The cat is under the table.
next to The pencil is next to the book.
between The pencil is between the book and the bag.
in front of The table is in front of the sofa.
behind The cat is behind the sofa.

There is... / There are...

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
Singular There is There’s There is not There isn't Is there…? Yes, there is. No, there isn't.
Plural There are There are not There aren't Are there…? Yes, there are. No, there aren't.
• We use there is before singular nouns.
There’s a chair behind the sofa. Is there an armchair in the room?
• We use there are before plural nouns.
There are five books on the table. Are there two armchairs in the room?

A/An
• We use a/an before singular countable nouns. We use a when the next word begins with a consonant sound and an
when the next word begins with a vowel sound.
a pen an apple
We use a/an:
• when we speak about something that is not specific. There’s a man at the door.
• for professions. She’s a teacher.

The
• We use the before uncountable nouns and before countable nouns, both in the singular
and in the plural.
the milk the pen the pens
We use the before:
• something specific or unique. The man at the door is my uncle.
The sun rises in the east.
• names of seas, oceans, rivers, deserts. the Mediterranean (Sea)
the Atlantic (Ocean)
the Amazon (River)
the Sahara (Desert)
• groups of islands, mountain ranges, and countries in the Canary Islands the Himalayas
the plural. the USA
• people’s surnames (when we refer to the whole family). the Smiths
• nationalities (when we refer to the whole nation). the Greeks BUT Fiona is Italian.
• musical instruments (with the verb play). He plays the piano.
• names of hotels, cinemas, newspapers. the Hilton Hotel the Rex Cinema
the Times
• the cardinal points. in the east
• the superlative form of adjectives and adverbs. Tom is the tallest boy in this class.

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