Page 128 - ToTheTop2030_1_SE

Grammar Reference

Module 2

Possessive Case - Whose...?
• We use the possessive case to express possession.
This is Tom’s book.
• We form the possessive case by adding ’s to a noun.
This is my sister’s pencil.
• We add only ’ to plural nouns ending in -s.
My parents’ car is white.
• We use whose to ask about possession.
– Whose book is this? – It’s my book.

Possessive Adjectives
PERSONAL PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
I my
you your
he his • Possessive adjectives go before nouns, without
she her articles.
it its This is my friend. Her name is Emma.
we our
you your
they their

The verb have got
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
I have got I’ve got I have not got I haven't got Have I got? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
You have got You’ve got You have not got You haven’t got Have you got? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
He has got He’s got He has not got He hasn't got Has he got? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t.
She has got She's got She has not got She hasn’t got Has she got? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t.
It has got It’s got It has not got It hasn’t got Has it got? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t.
We have got We’ve got We have not got We haven’t got Have we got? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t.
You have got You’ve got You have not got You haven’t got Have you got? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
They have got They’ve got They have not got They haven’t got Have they got? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.
We use the verb have got:
• to express possession. I’ve got a car.
• to describe people, animals and things. Mary has got fair hair.
This - That
• We use this to point out a person, animal or thing that is close to us.
This is a book.
• We use that to point out a person, animal or thing that is far from us.
That girl over there is Maria.
These - Those
• We use these to point out people, animals or things that are close to us.
These are my books.
• We use those to point out people, animals or things that are far from us.
Those boys over there are my friends. IRREGULAR
Plural forms NOUNS
man men
REGULAR NOUNS woman women
• most nouns take -s (in the plural) dog dogs, car cars child children
• nouns ending in -s, -ch, -sh, -x, -o, take -es box boxes, watch watches foot feet
• nouns ending in a consonant + -y, drop the -y and take -ies city cities BUT boy boys tooth teeth
person people
• nouns ending in -f or -fe, usually take -ves shelf shelves, mouse mice
life lives BUT roof roofs fish fish
• Adjectives do not have a plural form. This is a red car. These are red cars.

126

12/9/2022 4:08:26 µµ
Book_To the Top Plus_SRB_1.indb 126
Book_To the Top Plus_SRB_1.indb 126 12/9/2022 4:08:26 µµ