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Grammar Reference

• We use many with plural countable nouns, usually We use the Present Perfect Simple:
in questions and in negative sentences. • for actions which happened in the past, but we
There aren’t many books in the bookcase. don’t mention when exactly.
• We use a lot of / lots of with uncountable I’ve visited the National History Museum, so I
and plural countable nouns, usually in a irmative don’t want to go there again.
sentences. • for actions that happened in the past whose
I drink a lot of co fee. results are obvious in the present.
There are lots of apples in the fridge. Look! Jerry has broken his leg!
• We use a few with plural countable nouns, in
a irmative sentences. TIME EXPRESSIONS
There are a few magazines on the table. always, ever, never, before, so far, yet,
• We use a little with uncountable nouns, in already, just, once, twice, etc.
a irmative sentences.
There is a little cheese in the sandwiches.
yet/already
Module 6 • yet is used only with the question and negative
form of verbs. It is placed at the end of the
QUESTIONS © MM Publications
sentence.
Present Perfect Simple Have you inished yet?
He hasn’t arrived yet.
AFFIRMATIVE
• already is used with the a irmative and question
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
form of verbs. It is placed between the auxiliary
I have played I’ve played and the main verb, or at the end of the sentence
You have played You’ve played for emphasis.
He has played He’s played I’ve already read that book.
She has played She’s played
It has played It’s played You’ve inished eating already!
We have played We’ve played
You have played You’ve played Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple
They have played They’ve played
WE USE THE PRESENT
PERFECT SIMPLE WE USE THE PAST SIMPLE
NEGATIVE
• for actions that happened • for actions that happened
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
in the past, but we don’t at a de inite time in the
I have not played I haven’t played say when exactly. past. We say when.
You have not played You haven’t played I have visited Rome. I visited Rome last year.
He has not played He hasn’t played • with the time expressions: • with the time expressions:
She has not played She hasn’t played ever, never, before, so far, yesterday, in 2021, ago,
It has not played It hasn’t played just, yet, already, always, last week/month, etc.
We have not played We haven’t played for, since, once, twice, etc.
You have not played You haven’t played
They have not played They haven’t played note
• have/has gone means that someone has gone
SHORT ANSWERS somewhere and is still there.
Have I played? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Lisa has gone to the supermarket. (= she’s still
Have you played? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t. there)
Has he played? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. • have/has been means that someone has visited
Has she played? Yes, she has. No, she hasn’t. a place but has come back.
Has it played? Yes, it has. No, it hasn’t. Lisa has been to the supermarket. (= now she’s
Have we played? Yes, we have. No, we haven’t. back)
Have you played? Yes, you have. No, you haven’t.
Have they played? Yes, they have. No, they haven’t.

We form the Present Perfect Simple with have/has
and the past participle of the verb. The past
participle of regular verbs is the same as the Past
Simple (verb + - ed).
note
Look at the list of irregular verbs.

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