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Grammar Reference

Present Perfect with since / for / note
how long We use by + reflexive pronoun to show that
We use the Present Perfect with for, since and how someone does something alone, without any help
long for actions that started in the past from anyone else.
and continue up to the present. I always pack my suitcases by myself.
How long have
you had this car? So/Neither
since + a point in time TO EXPRESS SIMILARITY
(e.g. since 2018, since • We use So + a irmative auxiliary verb + subject
yesterday, since last week, I’ve had this car when an a irmative statement is also true for us
since 4 a.m.) since 2020. or someone else, but we don’t want to repeat it.
It refers to the time when the A: I must go to A: I always go to
action started. the dentist. school on foot.
B: So must Jane. B: So do I.
for + a period of time
(e.g. for two weeks, for three • We use Neither + a irmative auxiliary verb +
subject when a negative statement is also true
days, for ive minutes, for I’ve had this car for us or someone else, but we don’t want to
months) for six years. repeat it.
It refers to the duration A: I can’t play the A: I don’t like
of the action. piano. chocolate.
B: Neither can I. B: Neither does my sister.
Question tags note
Question tags are short questions at the end of
statements. We use them: To express difference:
• when we are not sure about something and we • We use subject + affirmative auxiliary verb
want con irmation. when a negative statement is not true for us or
someone else, but we don’t want to repeat it.
• when we expect the other person to agree with A: I don’t want to go to the park.
us. © MM Publications
B: John does.
We form question tags with the auxiliary or • We use subject + negative auxiliary verb when
modal verb of the sentence and a personal an affirmative statement is not true for us or
pronoun in the same person as the subject. someone else, but we don’t want to repeat it.
You couldn’t see her, could you? A: I’ve been to Italy.
Tom believed him, didn’t he? B: I haven’t.
• When the statement is a irmative, we use a
negative question tag.
The boys are at school, aren’t they? Passive Voice
• When the statement is negative, we use a positive
question tag. Use
She hasn’t seen the doctor yet, has she? We use the Passive Voice to emphasise the action
rather than who or what is responsible for it.
Module 7 Formation
Module 7
The Passive Voice is formed with the verb be in
the appropriate form and the past participle of the
Reflexive pronouns main verb.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS REFLEXIVE Present Simple
SUBJECT OBJECT PRONOUNS AFFIRMATIVE
I me myself I am
you you yourself He/She/It is called / given
he him himself We/You/They are
she her herself
it it itself NEGATIVE
we us ourselves I am
you you yourselves He/She/It is not called / given
they them themselves
We/You/They are
We use re lexive pronouns: QUESTIONS
• as objects of verbs when the subject and the
object of the verb are the same. Am I
Jack slipped, fell down and hurt himself. Is he/she/it called / given?
Are we/you/they
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