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Grammar Reference

must – can’t Past Simple Passive

Must and can’t express a logical deduction and refer AFFIRMATIVE
to the present. I/He/She/It was
• We use must to express a positive deduction. We/You/They were called/given
Matt has been working all day. He must be tired.
• We use can’t to express a negative deduction. NEGATIVE
Sue can’t be at work. I saw her at the shopping I/He/She/It wasn’t
centre twenty minutes ago. We/You/They weren’t called/given
Passive Voice
QUESTIONS
Use
We use the Passive Voice to emphasise the action Was I/he/she/it called/given?
rather than who or what is responsible for it. Were we/you/they

Formation
The Passive Voice is formed with the verb be in the Present Perfect Simple Passive
appropriate form and the past participle of the main
verb. AFFIRMATIVE
I/You/We/They have been
note He/She/It has been called/given
The person who causes or carries out the action is
called an agent and is preceded by the preposition by. NEGATIVE
We usually omit the agent: I/You/We/They haven’t been
• when the action interests us more than the agent. He/She/It hasn’t been called/given
• when we don’t know the agent.
• when it is easy to figure out who the agent is. QUESTIONS
My photos were deleted from my computer.
(by someone who we do not know) Have I/you/we/they been called/given?
English is spoken in New Zealand. (by people) Has he/she/it

VERB
OBJECT
ACTIVE VOICE SUBJECT © MM Publications
Susan wrote an email.
Future will Passive
AFFIRMATIVE
I/He/She/It
PASSIVE VOICE SUBJECT VERB AGENT We/You/They will be called/given
An email was written by Susan.
NEGATIVE
I/He/She/It
Present Simple Passive We/You/They won’t be called/given

AFFIRMATIVE
QUESTIONS
I am
He/She/It is called/given Will I/he/she/it be called/given?
We/You/They are we/you/they

NEGATIVE
Passive Voice of modal verbs
I am not
He/She/It isn’t called/given In the Passive Voice the verbs can, could, may, might,
We/You/They aren’t should, must, have to and need to are followed by be
and the past participle of the main verb.
QUESTIONS They may plant Trees and lowers
trees and lowers. may be planted.
Am I The house
Is he/she/it called/given? We have to clean
Are we/you/they the house. has to be cleaned.

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