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Grammar Reference

‘the’ is not used: • for actions that happened in the past and their
• before names of people, streets, islands, mountains, results are obvious in the present.
cities, countries and continents. Linda has lost her phone, so she can’t call her
William Adams, Oxford Street, Ibiza, Everest, Rome, parents.
Portugal, Europe • for actions which were completed a short time ago
• before names of days and months. (usually with just).
on Friday, in August Mum’s tired! She has just come back from work.
• before plural countable nouns or uncountable TIME EXPRESSIONS
nouns when we are talking about something in always, ever, never, before, so far, yet,
general. already, just, once, twice, etc.
Dolphins are amazing animals.
My brother likes chocolate. note
• before abstract nouns (love, hope, beauty, etc.). • have/has gone means that someone has gone
You mustn’t lose hope. Everything will be ine.
somewhere and is still there.
• before names of magazines, sports, games, colours Luke has gone to the supermarket. (= he’s still there)
and languages (when they are not followed by the • have/has been means that someone has visited a
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word language). place but has come back.
I buy Q7 once a month. Luke has been to Barcelona. (= now he’s back)
I like playing basketball.
My favourite colour is green.
Luke and Kate speak French.
• before names of squares, parks and lakes. Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple
Trafalgar Square, Central Park, Lake Michigan
We use the Present
• before the words hospital, school, work, home, bed, Perfect Simple: We use the Past Simple:
church, prison and university when they are used • for actions that happened • for actions that happened
for the purpose for which they exist. in the past, but we don’t at a de inite time in the
Sue didn’t feel well and went to hospital.
say when exactly. past. We say when.
• before the words breakfast, lunch and dinner. I have visited Paris. I visited Paris last year.
Children, dinner is ready! • with the time expressions: • with the time expressions:
ever, never, before, so far, yesterday, in 2021, ago,
just, yet, already, always, last week/month, etc.
Module 3 for, since, once, twice, etc.

Present Perfect Simple
for – since
AFFIRMATIVE • We use the Present Perfect with for and since for
I have actions that started in the past and continue up to
He/She/It has worked/brought the present.
We/You/They have
for + a period of time
NEGATIVE It refers to the duration of I’ve had this car
the action. for three years.
I haven’t
He/She/It hasn’t worked/brought since + a point in time
We/You/They haven’t It refers to the time when I’ve had this car since
the action started. 2020.
QUESTIONS
Have I Present Perfect Simple +
Has he/she/it worked/brought? since + Past Simple
Have we/you/they To indicate when an action Sandra has called her
which started in the past and brother twice since
note continues up to the present she got back home.
Look at the list of irregular verbs. started.

We use the Present Perfect Simple:
• for actions which happened in the past, but we don’t
mention when exactly.
I’ve visited the National Art Gallery, and I really want
to go there again.

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