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Grammar Reference

-ing form question form with auxiliary verbs.
I need to inish my project today.
We use the -ing form (base form of the verb + -ing) as
a noun. We use -ing forms: AFFIRMATIVE
• as subjects. I need to go
Painting is my favourite free-time activity. He/She/It needs to go
• after certain verbs: like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer, We/You/They need to go
continue, stop, inish, start, keep, avoid, begin,
imagine, practise, suggest, risk, spend (time), etc. NEGATIVE
Fred spent three hours doing his history project. I don’t need to go
He/She/It doesn’t need to go
• after certain expressions: don’t mind, can’t stand, We/You/They don’t need to go
be interested in, it’s worth, How/What about...?,
I look forward to, be good at, can’t help, feel like, etc. QUESTIONS
I feel like going out tonight. Do I
• after prepositions. Does he/she/it need to go?
I’m thinking about buying a new car. Do we/you/they
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• after the verb go to indicate activities. • We use don’t have to and don’t need to to express
I go shopping every weekend. lack of obligation/necessity.
note We don’t have to watch this ilm if you don’t like it.
You don’t need to cook. There’s a lot of food in the
• The verbs like, dislike, love, hate, start, begin are fridge.
followed by a full infinitive or an -ing form without
any significant difference in meaning. • We use mustn’t and can’t to express prohibition.
I like having / to have a cup of coffee after lunch. You mustn’t / can’t run round the swimming pool.
• The verbs stop and remember are followed either by should
a full infinitive or an -ing form, but with a different We use should:
meaning.
Ian stopped watching TV. (= Ian no longer watches TV.) • to ask for and give advice.
Ian stopped to watch TV. (= Ian stopped what he was A: What should I do?
doing in order to watch TV.) B: You should talk to your teacher.
I remember giving you the book. (= I gave you the book. • to express an opinion.
I remember the action.) The lamp should go next to the sofa.
I remembered to give you the book. (= I didn’t forget to • to make a suggestion.
give you the book.) We should go to the new Mexican restaurant
tonight.
Module 5 can – could – may – will – would

• We use Can I...?, Could I...?, May I...? to ask for
permission. We use can and may to give and refuse
can – could – be able to permission.
• We use can to express ability in the present. Can/Could/May I go to the party?
The baby can speak. Yes, you can/may.
• We use could to express ability in the past. No, you can’t / may not.
I could swim fast when I was young. • We use Can I...?, Could I...?, May I...? to o fer help
• Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It and make requests.
is mainly used in tenses where we cannot use can. Can/Could/May I help you?
He’ll be able to come to the cinema with us on Can/Could/May I have a slice of pizza?
Saturday. • We use Can/Could/Will/Would you...? to make
polite requests and ask for a favour. Could and
must – have to – need to – can’t Would are more polite.
• We use must and have to to express obligation in Can/Could/Will/Would you help me with my
the present and future. homework?
We must buy Sue a present.
You have to be at work by 8.30. may – might – could
note • We use may, might and could to express
possibility in the present or future. Might expresses
We use have to to form all the other tenses. slight possibility.
Brian had to work till late yesterday. We may/might/could go on a cruise next summer.
Brian will have to work this Saturday. note

• We use need to to express necessity. It is used as a We use may not / might not to express lack of
main verb in all tenses, in the a irmative, negative possibility in the present or future.
and question form. It forms the negative and Henry may not / might not come to the art exhibition.

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