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Grammar Reference

Too / Enough • to set the scene in a story.
Julie was walking alone outside and it was raining.
• We use too before adjectives and adverbs. Too
has a negative meaning and it means ‘more than • for actions that were happening at the same time in
necessary’. the past. In this case we usually use while.
This co fee is too hot. I can’t drink it. While I was reading a book, my mother was cooking.
• We use enough after adjectives and adverbs, but Past Simple – Past Progressive
before nouns. Enough has a positive meaning.
The weather is warm enough for a picnic. Time Clauses (when, while, as, as soon as)
There’s enough food in the fridge. We use the Past Progressive and the Past Simple
in the same sentence when one action interrupted
another in the past. We use the Past Progressive for
All / Both / Neither / None / Either the longer action and the Past Simple for the shorter

• All is used for more than two people or things. It action. In this case we usually use while or when or as.
is used in a irmative sentences and takes a plural As/While I was driving, I saw a squirrel in the street.
verb. We were sleeping when the telephone rang.
Sue, Miranda and Paul are my best friends. They are
all easy-going. / All of them are easy-going. note
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• Both is used for two people or things. It is used in We use as soon as with the Past Simple.
a irmative sentences and takes a plural verb. As soon as they left, we went to bed.
Lisa and Ron are ifteen years old. Both of them are
my cousins. / They are both my cousins. Exclamatory Sentences
We use exclamatory sentences to give emphasis to
• Neither is used for two people or things. It is used
in a irmative sentences and gives them a negative the meaning of the adjective or noun.
meaning. It takes a singular or plural verb. • how + adjective
Oliver and Liam want to go to Madrid. Neither of How wonderful!
them has/have been to Spain. • what + (a/an) + (adjective) + noun
What a beautiful day!
• None is used for more than two people or things.
It is used in a irmative sentences and gives them a Infinitive
negative meaning. It takes a singular or plural verb. We use the full in initive (to + base form of the verb):
Sonia, Greta and Sophie like ice hockey. None of • to express purpose.
them likes/like water polo. He went to the supermarket to buy some milk.
• Either is used for two people or things. It means • after certain verbs: want, would like, would love,
one or the other (it doesn’t matter which of the decide, forget, learn, teach, need, plan, promise, try,
two). hope, manage, arrange, choose, o fer, refuse, expect,
A: Would you like to wear the red or the blue agree, tell, etc.
T-shirt? I refused to talk to Sally.
B: Either. I don’t mind.
• after too and enough.
This soup is too hot to eat.
I’m tall enough to play basketball.
Module 4 • after the structure it + be + adjective. (It’s nice, It’s
Module 4
easy, etc.)
Past Progressive It’s nice to see you again.
• after certain adjectives: afraid, surprised, free, happy,
AFFIRMATIVE
ready, sorry.
I/He/She/It was working Robert was happy to see his best friend after two
We/You/They were working months.
We use the bare in initive (base form of verb
NEGATIVE
without to):
I/He/She/It wasn’t working • after modal verbs (can, could, will, would, should,
We/You/They weren’t working
may, might, must).
Will you come to my house?
QUESTIONS My father must visit the doctor today.
Was I/he/she/it working? • after the verbs let and make (in the Active Voice).
Were we/you/they working? Mum, let me go to the mall, please!
She makes me study four hours a day.
We use the Past Progressive:
• for actions that were happening at a speci ic point note
of time in the past. We can use the verb help with a bare or full infinitive.
Olivia was watching TV at seven o’clock yesterday I always help my brother do his homework.
evening. I always help my brother to do his homework.

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