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Grammar Reference

Nouns Steve’s hair is dark. There are dog hairs on
Countable nouns the sofa.
Countable nouns can be counted and have singular
and plural forms. We can use a/an, one in the My room doesn’t get The lights are on, but
singular form and some, any, (a) few, etc. in the much light. there’s nobody home.
plural. This isn’t a diamond Have you seen my
Certain nouns are always in the plural form. ring, it’s just glass. glasses anywhere?
• people, clothes, goods, police (usually) This table is made of Would you like to go for a
His clothes are always clean. wood. walk in the woods?
• All nouns that consist of two parts: glasses,
trousers, jeans, sunglasses, scissors, etc. We use My sister likes walking How often do the rains
the expression a pair of to express quantity with in the rain. come in Thailand?
these words.
Angie wears glasses. Have you got We had some fascinating
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George has bought two new pairs of jeans. any previous job experiences when we
• Words such as family, team, group, audience, experience? visited China.
class, government, crew are collective nouns and
may take either a singular or a plural verb without Exclamatory Sentences
a change in meaning. We use exclamatory sentences to give emphasis to
Tina’s family is rich. Tina’s family are on holiday. the meaning of the adjective/adverb or noun.
• how + adjective/adverb
Uncountable nouns How wonderful! How beautifully she sings!
Uncountable nouns are only used with a singular • what + (a/an) + (adjective) + noun
form verb and we can’t use a/an or numbers with What a beautiful day!
them. To express quantity we use some, any, much,
little, a lot of, etc.
Uncountable nouns usually describe:

food meat, sugar, cheese, butter, etc.

liquids milk, water, coffee, etc.
materials wool, gold, paper, glass, etc.
ideas/ love, help, freedom, time, etc.
situations
natural rain, snow, etc.
phenomena
some
concrete baggage, furniture, money, luggage,
nouns traffic, business, etc.

• With uncountable nouns which state food or
liquid, we can use the following expressions to
show quantity: bottle, cup, glass, can, slice, piece,
loaf, carton, box, packet, kilo, litre, bar, bowl, etc.
+ of
a loaf of bread four cartons of milk
• The words hair, light, glass, wood, rain,
experience can also be used as countable nouns in
the plural form, with a difference in meaning.

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