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Grammar Reference
Note: Note:
• The verbs like, dislike, love, hate, start, begin, • We use say when there is no indirect object.
are followed by a full infinitive or an -ing form ‘I can’t fix cars,’ he says.
without any significant difference in meaning. He says that he can’t fix cars.
I like playing/to play the guitar in the evening. • We use tell when there is an indirect object.
• The verbs stop, forget, regret, try and ‘They plan to cancel the event,’ Julia tells us.
remember are followed either by a full Julia tells us (that) they plan to cancel the event.
infinitive or an -ing form, but with a different • When we change a sentence from Direct to
meaning: Reported Speech, pronouns and possessive
We use remember/forget/regret + ing when adjectives change according to the meaning of the
we refer to something that has already sentence. Also, the verb come changes to go.
happened.
I remember returning the book. ‘I like your new bike,’ says Ian.
I’ll never forget meeting them. Ian says that he likes my new bike.
I regret shouting at her. Kelly says, ‘I’ll come to the cinema with you.’
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We use remember/forget/regret + full Kelly says she will go to the cinema with me.
infinitive when we remember/forget/regret
something before doing it. Reported Speech (Questions)
I’ll remember to go to the supermarket. • We usually introduce reported questions with the
Don’t forget to lock the door. reporting verbs ask, wonder and the expression
I regret to say that I can’t make it tonight.
We use try + ing when we want to express that want to know.
we will experiment on something and try + full • Reported questions follow the word order of
infinitive to say that we’ll make an effort to do affirmative sentences.
something. ‘Why did you go to the doctor?’ he is asking.
Try drinking some tea. It’ll make you feel He wants to know why I went to the doctor.
better. • If the direct question begins with a question word,
I’ll try to finish this project today. the reported question also begins with the same
We use stop + ing when the action was question word.
stopped and not repeated and stop + full ‘Where are you going?’ she is asking Peter.
infinitive when the action was interrupted, but She is asking Peter where he is going.
probably continued afterwards. • If the direct question does not begin with a
Ken stopped watching the news. question word, the reported question begins with if
Ken stopped to watch the news. or whether.
‘Can I help with something?’ he is asking.
Reported Speech (Statements) He is asking me if/whether he can help with
In Direct Speech, we repeat the exact words that something.
someone said. We usually use the verb say and the
words of the speaker are put in quotation marks. Reported Speech (Commands and
Irina says, ‘Tina doesn’t like apples.’ Requests)
• We commonly use tell, beg, command, advise,
In Reported Speech, we report the meaning of warn or order when we report commands and ask
what someone said, without using their exact words. when we report requests.
We use a reporting verb, usually say or tell, followed • The Imperative changes to to + base form or not +
by that (which can be omitted) and the reported to + base form.
statement. ‘Sit down, Rex,’ said Dan.
Irina says that Tina doesn’t like apples. Dan told Rex to sit down.
‘Don’t tell anyone, please,’ Laura said.
The reporting verb is in the Present tense when the Laura asked me not to tell anyone.
sentence expresses a general truth, something that
someone says often or the initial words are true at Note:
the moment or reporting. • When the request is in question form, in Reported
Kevin says this Chinese restaurant is very good. Speech it usually changes to to + base form.
‘
Julie tells us her daughter is good at maths. Will you lend me that book, please?’ Kate asked
Our biology teacher says we should study more. me.
Kate asked me if/whether I would lend her that
book.
Kate asked me to lend her that book.
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