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Grammar Reference
• We use didn’t have to/didn’t need to + bare
infinitive to express absence of necessity in the Module 6
past (something wasn’t necessary, but it is not Infinitive
clear if it was done or not). We use the full infinitive (to + base form of the
I didn’t have to/didn’t need to pick up the kids verb):
from school.
• to express purpose.
Note: Need can be used: He called to wish me happy birthday!
• as a main verb. It is followed by full infinitive. • after certain verbs: want, would like, would love,
• as a modal verb only in questions and negative decide, forget, learn, teach, need, plan, seem,
sentences. tend, remind, promise, try, hope, manage, arrange,
choose, offer, refuse, expect.
Laura needs to buy a new car.
• with too and enough.
Affirmative Questions
The soup is too hot to eat.
I need to go. Do I need to go? / Need I go? • After the structure it + be + adjective.
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He needs to go. Does he need to go? / Need he go? It’s difficult to read his handwriting.
You need to go. • After certain adjectives: afraid, surprised, free,
Negative happy, ready, sorry.
At last he was free to do what he wanted.
I don’t need to go. / I needn’t go. • After verbs followed by a question word (who,
He doesn’t need to go. / He needn’t go.
what, which, where, how, but not why)
Have you decided where to go for your holidays?
We use the bare infinitive (base form of the verb
Had better without to):
We use had better + bare infinitive to give strong • after modal verbs (can, could, will, would, should,
advice. It often expresses threat or warning and may, might, must).
it’s stronger than should/ought to. It refers to the Can you tell me what’s wrong?
present or future, not the past. Its negative form is We may go to the cinema tonight.
had better not. In spoken English the short form is • after the verbs let and make.
commonly used (I’d better, you’d better, etc.). Fay always makes me laugh.
You’d better ask a doctor about it. My brother doesn’t let me drive his car.
Note: We can use the verb help with the bare or
Should the full infinitive.
We use should/shouldn’t + bare infinitive: I always help my mother clean the house.
• to ask for or give advice. I always help my mother to clean the house.
Should I apologise to John for shouting at him?
• to express an opinion. -ing form
She should be more careful when she drives.
• to make a suggestion. We use the -ing form (base form of the verb + -ing)
You should really go to that new restaurant. It’s as a noun. We use -ing forms:
fantastic! • as subjects.
Fishing can be very relaxing.
Note: • after certain verbs: like, love, hate, enjoy, prefer,
• Should can be replaced with ought to. continue, stop, finish, start, keep, avoid, begin,
You ought to go to that new restaurant. It’s imagine, practise, suggest, risk, spend (time).
fantastic! Ken just finished washing the dishes.
You ought not to eat so much sugar.
• after certain expressions: don’t mind, can’t stand,
be interested in, it’s worth, how about, can’t help,
feel like, there’s no point in.
Louis is interested in taking up a language
course.
• after prepositions.
Helen is thinking of buying a new car.
That knife is for cutting meat, not cheese.
• after the verb go to indicate activities.
We go skiing every year.
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