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Grammar Reference
‘the’ is not used: • We use may not/might not + bare infinitive to
• before names of people, streets, islands, express that something is not possible to happen
mountains, cities, countries and continents. in the present or future.
Joe Black, Oxford Street, Corsica, Everest, Rome, We may not/might not go to the party tonight.
Turkey, Africa
• before names of days and months.
on Monday / in July Making deductions
• before plural countable nouns or uncountable • We use must + bare infinitive to express a
nouns when we are talking about something in positive deduction about the present or future.
general. My parents must be at work now.
Tigers are wild animals. • We use can’t + bare infinitive to express a
My brother likes chocolate. negative deduction about the present or future.
• before abstract nouns (love, hope, beauty, etc.). You can’t be serious.
You mustn’t lose hope.
• before names of magazines, sports, games, Modal Verbs II
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colours and languages (when they are not Asking for, giving and refusing
followed by the word language). permission
I buy J17 every week. • We use Can I...?, Could I...?, May I...? to ask for
I like playing tennis. permission. We use can and may to give and
Mike’s favourite colour is green. refuse permission.
They speak French. A: Can/Could/May I go to the party?
• before names of squares, parks and lakes. B: Yes, you can/may. / No, you can’t / may not.
Trafalgar Square, Central Park, Lake Winnipeg
• before the words hospital, school, work, home, Expressing necessity/obligation
bed, church, prison and university when they are • We use must + bare infinitive to express
used for the purpose for which they exist. personal obligation in the present.
Steve was tired and went to bed. I must finish this by tonight. (= I say so)
• before the words breakfast, lunch and dinner.
We went to grandma’s for lunch. • We use have to + bare infinitive to express
external obligation in the present.
You have to drive on the left when you’re in
Module 5 England. (= It’s the law)
Note:
Modal Verbs I
• Must and have to are used for the present; for
Expressing ability the past and the future we use the forms of
• We use can to express ability in the present. have to, expressing either personal or external
The baby can speak. obligation.
When I was at school, I had to wake up at 7
• We use could to express ability in the past. o’clock every morning.
I could climb trees when I was young. We’ll have to work really hard to finish this
• Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It project.
is often used when we cannot use can.
He’ll be able to play football on Saturday. Expressing prohibition
• We use mustn’t/can’t + bare infinitive to express
Expressing requests prohibition.
You mustn’t park here. (= You aren’t allowed to)
We use Can I...?, Could I...?, May I...? to make
requests. Expressing absence of
Can/Could/May I have some more cake? necessity/prohibition
• We use don’t have to/don’t need to/needn’t +
Expressing possibility bare infinitive to express absence of necessity in
• We use could/may/might + bare infinitive to the present or future.
express possibility in the present or future. You don’t have to call us again. (= It isn’t
He could/may/might be at home now. necessary)
She doesn’t need to send her CV again.
You needn’t worry. Everything is under control.
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