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Grammar Reference

Future will Subject Verb Object
We use the Future will for: Active Voice Anna bought a bag.
• predictions, usually with perhaps or after the
verbs believe, think, hope, expect, be sure, etc. Subject Verb Agent
 I’m sure she’ll pass the exam. Passive Voice A bag was bought by Anna.
• promises
 I’ll never do that again. Present Simple Past Simple
• offers and requests I am called I was called
 I’ll drive you to the station. Are you called? Were you called?
 Will you help me clean the kitchen? They aren’t called They weren’t called
• threats or warnings Present Perfect Past Perfect Simple
 Don’t say that again or I’ll punish you. Simple
• on-the-spot decisions I’ve been called I’d been called
 I won’t buy it; it’s too expensive. Have you been called? Had you been called?
You haven’t been called They hadn’t been called
Future be going to
Future will Modal Verbs
We use the Future be going to for:
• future plans I’ll be called I can be called
 Ron is going to study astronomy. Will you be called? Should you be called?
They won’t be called They mustn’t be called
• predictions based on evidence
 Look at that runner; he’s going to win the race. Note: Look at the list of irregular verbs.

Future Time Expressions
tomorrow, tonight The
next month/year/week/Tuesday, etc.
this month/year/week/Tuesday, etc. ‘the’ is used:
• for somebody or something specific or already
in an hour/year, etc. © MM Publications
soon mentioned.
 A: There’s a new car in the street.
Time Clauses B: Yes, it’s the car I bought yesterday.
Time clauses are introduced with as soon as, when, • for things that are unique.
after, before, until, as and while. We never use  the Earth, the Pyramids
future forms in time clauses.
• with the superlative of adjectives/adverbs.
 When I get home, I’ll call you.
 Joan is the best dancer of all.
 My canary sings the most beautifully of all.
Module 4 • before names of seas, rivers, oceans and deserts.
 the Black Sea, the Thames, the Indian Ocean, the
Passive Voice Kalahari Desert
• before groups of islands, mountain ranges and
Use countries in the plural.
We use the Passive Voice to emphasise the action
rather than who or what is responsible for it.  the Azores, the Alps, the Netherlands
Formation • before nationalities, when we refer to the whole
The Passive Voice is formed with the verb be in the nation.
appropriate form and the past participle of the verb  The Chinese invented paper thousands of years
of the sentence. The person who causes or carries ago.
out the action is called an agent and is preceded by • before people’s surnames, when we refer to the
the preposition by. whole family.
 The Simpsons came to see us last night.
Note: We usually omit the agent: • before names of hotels, restaurants, theatres,
• when the action interests us more than the agent. cinemas and newspapers.
• when we don’t know the agent.  the Ritz, the National Theatre, the Guardian
• when it is easy to figure out who the agent is.
 The bank was robbed! (by someone who we do • before musical instruments.
not know)  My son plays the drums.
 English is spoken in Australia. (by people) • before the cardinal points.
 Sussex is to the south of London.

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