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 Present Perfect Simple  have/has gone, have/has been
• have/has gone means that someone has gone somewhere
Affirmative
and is still there.
I have worked/brought The Greens have gone to Rome. (= They are still in Rome.)
He/She/It has worked/brought • have/has been means that someone has visited a place but
We/You/They have worked/brought has come back.
Ian has been to the new shopping centre. (He visited the
Negative new shopping centre at some point in the past but he’s not

I haven’t worked/brought there any more.)
He/She/It hasn’t worked/brought
We/You/They haven’t worked/brought  Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple
• We use the Present Perfect Simple for actions that
Questions happened at some time in the past, but the exact time is not
mentioned.
Have I worked/brought? I have heard this song before.
Has he/she/it worked/brought?
Have we/you/they worked/brought? • We use the Past Simple for actions that happened at a
Present Perfect Simple + since + © MM Publications
definite time in the past and the time is mentioned.
• We use the Present Perfect Simple: I heard this song on the radio last night.
- for an action which happened in the past, but we don’t
mention when exactly. Module 3
I’ve travelled to the USA twice.
- to talk about a state which started in the past and  can/could/may
continues up to the present. • We use Can I...?, Could I...?, May I...? to ask for permission.
I have lived in Athens since 2012. (I still live in Athens.) Can/Could/May I go to the party?
- for an action which happened in the past and finished, but Yes, you can/may.
the results are obvious in the present. No, you can’t / may not.
I’m tired. I’ve just finished studying. • We use Can I...?, Could I...?, May I...? to offer help and
Look! Jerry has broken his leg! make requests.
Can/Could/May I help you?
NOTE Look at the list of irregular verbs.
Can/Could/May I have some more cake?
Time expressions • We use Can/Could you...? to make polite requests and ask
for a favour. Could is more polite.
• for, since, already, just, yet, recently, lately, ever, never, Can/Could you help me open the door?
how long, once, twice, before, so far, etc. We use shall to make suggestions or to offer to do
NOTE something. Shall is used only in the first person
 since/for singular and plural (I, we).
Shall we go away for the weekend?
since + a point in time I’ve had this collection Shall I help you?
It refers to the time when the action since 2016.
started.
 can / could / be able to
for + a period of time I’ve had this collection
It refers to the duration of the for six years. • We use can to express ability in the present.
action. The baby can speak.
Anna has starred in four • We use could to express ability in the past.
Past Simple films since she became I could climb trees when I was young.
To indicate when an action which an actress. • Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It is mainly
started in the past and continues up used in tenses where we cannot use can.
to the present started. I haven’t been able to go shopping since last month.

 yet/already  have to / don’t have to / need (to) / needn’t /
don’t need to / must / mustn’t
yet is used only with the Have you finished yet? • We use must and have to to express obligation in the
question and negative form He hasn’t arrived yet. present or future.
of verbs. It is placed at the I must buy Sam a present for his birthday.
end of the sentence. You have to wear a helmet when you go go-karting.
already is used with the I’ve already seen that film. • We use need to when it is necessary for us to do something.
affirmative and question You’ve finished eating already! (We have no other choice.)
form of verbs. It is placed I need to talk to you.
between the auxiliary and • We use don’t have to, don’t need to and needn’t when it
the main verb, or at the isn’t necessary for us to do something.
end of the sentence for You don’t have to go out with her if you don’t like her.
emphasis. You don’t need to give me back the money.
She needn’t buy me a present.
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