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Grammar Reference

Imperative We use the We use the Present
• We form the imperative with the base form of the Present Simple: Progressive:
verb. We form the negative form with don’t + base • for general truths. • for future
form. The earth goes round arrangements.
 Listen to the CD! the sun. We’re flying to
 Don’t speak! • for an action that takes Zanzibar tonight.
• We use the imperative to ask someone to do place according to a
something. We can use ‘please’ to be more polite. schedule.
 Open your books, please! The train leaves at 9
o’clock.
Question Words time expressions

• What?: We use it to ask about things, animals and Present simple Present Progressive
actions. usually, always, often, etc. now, at the moment,
 A: What’s your favourite school subject? every day/week, etc. today, these days,
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B: History. in the morning/spring, etc. this week/year, etc.
• How old?: We use it to talk about ages. on Mondays/Monday tonight, tomorrow, etc.
 A: How old are you? morning, etc. next week/year, etc.
B: Fifteen. at the weekend, etc.
• Whose?: We use it to talk about possession. once/twice/three times,
 A: Whose tablet is this? etc. a week/day, etc.
B: It’s my brother’s.
Stative Verbs

Module 1 The following verbs are not normally used in the
Present Progressive. They are called stative verbs.
Present Simple vs Present Progressive • see, hear, smell, etc. • think, understand, know,
• like, love, hate, etc.
Present simPle
want, need, etc. • be, have, cost, etc.
affirmative negative
Note: Some of the stative verbs can be used in
I work I don’t work
He/She/It works He/She/It doesn’t work progressive tenses, but with a different
We/You/They work We/You/They don’t work meaning.
see
Questions  I’m seeing my doctor tomorrow.
Do I work? think of/about
Does he/she/it work?  I’m thinking of buying a car.
Do we/you/they work? have (with words like lunch, breakfast, shower,
party)
Present Progressive  She’s having a shower at the moment.
affirmative negative

I am working I ’m not working too / enough
He/She/It is working He/She/It isn’t working • We use too before adjectives and adverbs.
We/You/They are working We/You/They aren’t working Too has a negative meaning and it means ‘more
Questions than necessary’.
 This coffee is too hot. I can’t drink it.
Am I working? • We use enough after adjectives and adverbs, but
Is he/she/it working? before nouns. Enough has a positive meaning.
Are we/you/they working?  The weather is warm enough for a picnic.
 There’s enough food in the fridge.
We use the We use the Present
Present Simple: Progressive:
Comparative and Superlative Forms of
• for temporary states.
• for permanent states. I’m taking driving adjectives and adverbs
Ben lives in London. • We use the comparative of adjectives and adverbs
lessons this month.
• for habits or actions that • for actions happening when we compare two people, animals or things.
happen regularly. at the moment of Adjectives and adverbs are usually followed by
We always have breakfast speaking. than.
at eight.
Lucy is sleeping now. • We use the superlative of adjectives and adverbs
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