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Grammar Reference

Both / All / Neither / None / Either We use the Present Perfect Simple:
• Both is used for two people or things. It is used in • for actions which happened in the past, but we
affirmative sentences and takes a plural verb. don’t mention when exactly.
 Pablo and Kim are my friends. Both of them are  I’ve visited the National History Museum, so I
students. / They are both students. don’t want to go there again.
• for actions that happened in the past and their
• All is used for more than two people or things. It
is used in affirmative sentences and takes a plural results are obvious in the present.
verb.  Look! Jerry has broken his leg!
 Kim, Emma, Pablo and Mike are going to travel • for actions which were completed a short time
all over Europe. They are all happy. / All of them ago (usually with just).
are happy.  I’m tired! I’ve just finished my homework.
• Neither is used for two people or things. It is used time expressions
in affirmative sentences and gives them a negative always, ever, never, before, so far, yet, already, just,
meaning. It takes a singular or plural verb. once, twice, etc.
 Emma and Kim want to go to Rome. Neither of
them has/have been to Italy.
• None is used for more than two people or things. Note:
It is used in affirmative sentences and gives them • have/has gone means that someone has gone
a negative meaning. It takes a singular or plural
verb. somewhere and is still there.
 Rozita, Robert and Clara are from Italy.  Beth has gone to the supermarket.
None of them speaks/speak English. (She’s still there.)
• Either is used for two people or things. It means • have/has been means that someone has visited a
one or the other (it doesn’t matter which of the place but has come back.
two).  Beth has been to Barcelona. (Now she’s back.)
 A: Would you like cherries or strawberries?
B: Either. I don’t mind.

Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple
Question Word © MM Publications
Where?: We use it to ask about places.
We use the We use the
Present Perfect Simple: Past Simple:

Module 3 • for actions that • for actions that
happened in the past, happened at a
Present Perfect Simple but we don’t say when definite time in the
exactly. past. We say when.
affirmative I have visited Rome. I visited Rome last

I have • with the time expressions: year.
He/She/It has worked/brought ever, never, before, so far, • with the time
We/You/They have just, yet, already, always, expressions:
for, since, etc. yesterday, in 2016,
ago, last week/
negative month, etc.
I haven’t
He/She/It hasn’t worked/brought Since / for
We/You/They haven’t • We use the Present Perfect with for and since for
actions that started in the past and continue up to
the present.
Questions
since + a point in time I’ve had this
Have I It refers to the time when the collection since
Has he/she/it worked/brought? action started. 2016.
Have we/you/they
for + a period of time I’ve had this
It refers to the duration of the collection for
Note: Look at the list of irregular verbs at the back action. six years.
of the book.

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