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Grammar Reference
The • before the words hospital, school, work, home,
‘the’ is used: bed, church, prison and university when they
• for somebody or something specific or already are used for the purpose for which they exist.
mentioned. Steve was tired and went to bed.
A: There’s a new car in the street. • before the words breakfast, lunch and dinner.
B: Yes, it’s the car I bought yesterday. We went to grandma’s for lunch.
• for things that are unique.
the Earth, the Pyramids so / neither / too / either
• with the superlative of adjectives/adverbs. To express agreement
Joan is the best dancer of all.
My canary sings the most beautifully of all. • We use So + affirmative auxiliary verb + subject
• before names of seas, rivers, oceans and deserts. or subject + affirmative auxiliary + too when we
the Black Sea, the Thames, the Indian Ocean, the agree with an affirmative statement, but we don’t
want to repeat it.
Kalahari Desert
© MM Publications
• before groups of islands, mountain ranges and A: I play the guitar. A: Sandra has
countries in the plural. already seen this film.
the Azores, the Alps, the Netherlands B: So do I. / I do too. B: So have I. /
• before nationalities, when we refer to the whole I have too.
nation. • We use Neither + affirmative auxiliary verb
The Chinese invented paper thousands of years + subject or negative auxiliary verb + either
ago. when we agree with a negative statement, but we
• before people’s surnames, when we refer to the don’t want to repeat it.
whole family.
The Simpsons came to see us last night. A: Paul can’t swim. A: Tina won’t go to the
• before names of hotels, restaurants, theatres, party.
cinemas and newspapers. B: Neither can I. / B: Neither will I. /
the Ritz, the National Theatre, the Guardian I can’t either. I won’t either.
• before musical instruments.
My son plays the drums. Note:
• before the cardinal points. To express disagreement:
Sussex is to the south of London. • We use subject + affirmative auxiliary verb
when we disagree with a negative statement, but
‘the’ is not used: we don’t want to repeat it.
• before names of people, streets, islands, A: I can’t play the guitar.
mountains, cities, countries and continents. B: I can.
Joe Black, Oxford Street, Corsica, Everest, Rome, • We use subject + negative auxiliary verb when
Turkey, Africa we disagree with an affirmative statement, but
• before names of days and months. we don’t want to repeat it.
A: I’ve been to Madrid twice.
on Monday / in July B: I haven’t.
• before plural countable nouns or uncountable
nouns when we are talking about something in
general. Passive Voice
Tigers are wild animals. Use
My brother likes chocolate. We use the Passive Voice to emphasise the action
• before abstract nouns (love, hope, beauty etc.). rather than who or what is responsible for it.
You mustn’t lose hope.
• before names of magazines, sports, games, Formation
colours and languages (when they are not The Passive Voice is formed with the verb be in the
followed by the word language). appropriate form and the past participle of the verb
I buy J17 every week. of the sentence. The person who causes or carries
I like playing tennis. out the action is called an agent and is preceded by
Mike’s favourite colour is green. the preposition by.
They speak French.
• before names of squares, parks and lakes.
Trafalgar Square, Central Park, Lake Winnipeg
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