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Grammar Reference

behind There is a boy behind that tree. polite requests and ask for a favour. Could and
over There’s a colourful poster over my bed. Would are more polite.
opposite The library is opposite the bank.  Can/Could/Will/Would you help me with my
next to Fay sat next to Charlie at the cinema. homework?
in front of John sits in front of me in class.
between The bookshop is between the theatre must / have to / need (to) / can’t
and the shopping centre. • We use must and have to to express obligation.
 I must buy Sam a present for his birthday.
Note:  You have to be at work by 8.30.
• The prepositions on, in and at are used in various
other expressions. • We use need to to express necessity.
on: with the expressions: on the left, on the right  I need to talk to you.
in: with names of continents, countries, cities, • We use don’t have to, don’t need to and needn’t
villages: in Africa, in Argentina, in Los to express lack of necessity/obligation.
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Angeles, in Wivenhoe  You don’t have to go out with her if you don’t like
her.
at: with confined areas: at the cinema, at the  You don’t need to give me back the money.
airport, at the station, etc.  She needn’t buy me a present.
with addresses: He lives at 58 Park Lane.
with the expressions: at work, at home, • We use mustn’t and can’t to express prohibition.
at school, etc.  You mustn’t/can’t speak during the lesson.
Note:
Prepositions of Movement Need means that something is necessary.
It is used:
to Are you going to the supermarket? • as a main verb in all tenses, in the affirmative,
up Walk up this road. negative and question form. It is followed by a full
down Go down Elm Street. infinitive and forms the negative and question
into Don’t come into the house with that dog! form with auxiliary verbs.
out of Brian walked out of the room.
through This road goes through the park. • as a modal verb only in the negative and question
across Walk across the street. form of the Present Simple. It is followed by a bare
along Walk along King Street and then turn infinitive and forms the negative and question
right. form without auxiliary verbs.
from Maria comes from work at five o’clock
every day. affirmative
around Stop running around the garden! I need to go
towards The children came towards me. He/She/It needs to go
off Penny jumped off the bridge. We/You/They need to go
over The cat jumped over the chair. negative
past He walked past me but he didn’t see me.
I don’t need to go I
He/She/It doesn’t need to go He/She/It/ needn’t go
Module 5 We/You/They don’t need to go We/You/They
Questions
can / could / may / will / would Do I I
• We use Can I..?, Could I..?, May I..? to ask for, give Does he/she/it need to go? Need he/she/it/ go?
and refuse permission. Do we/you/they we/you/they
 Can/Could/May I go to the party?
Yes, you can/may. can / could / be able to
No, you can’t/may not. • We use can to express ability in the present.
• We use Can I..?, Could I..?, May I..? to offer help  The baby can speak.
and make requests. • We use could to express ability in the past.
 Can/Could/May I help you?  I could climb trees when I was young.
• Be able to expresses ability and forms all tenses. It
 Can/Could/May I have some more cake?
is mainly used in tenses where we cannot use can.
• We use Can / Could / Will / Would you ..? to make
 He’ll be able to play football on Saturday.
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