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Grammar Reference

We use the Past Simple:
Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms • for actions that started and were completed at a
COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE specific time in the past.
POSITIVE FORM
FORM FORM We bought our house five years ago.
good/well better best • for habitual or repeated actions in the past.
bad/badly worse worst I always went to bed early when I lived with my
little less least parents.
far farther/further farthest/
furthest • for completed actions that happened one after the
many/much more most other in the past.
Yesterday I got up at 8.00, had breakfast and left
for school.
Other forms of comparison
• less + adjective/adverb + than TIME EXPRESSIONS
Kelly is less beautiful than Sheila. yesterday, in 2016, etc.
© MM Publications
Fiona drives less carefully than her sister. two hours ago, five years ago, etc.
• the least + adjective/adverb + of/in last night/week/Sunday/March, etc.
Geography is less interesting than history, but
maths is the least interesting subject of all.
• as + adjective/adverb + as Used to
Kelly is as beautiful as Sheila.
Fiona dances as terribly as her sister. AFFIRMATIVE
• not as + adjective/adverb + as I/He/She/It
Kelly isn’t as tall as Sheila. We/You/They used to play
Fiona doesn’t dance as terribly as her sister.
NEGATIVE
Past Simple I/He/She/It
We/You/They didn’t use to play
AFFIRMATIVE
QUESTIONS
I
He/She/It worked/went Did I/he/she/it use to play?
We/You/They we/you/they
NEGATIVE
We use used to to talk about something that
I happened regularly in the past, but no longer does.
He/She/It didn’t work/go We used to go skateboarding every afternoon
We/You/They when we were young.
QUESTIONS

I Countable/Uncountable Nouns
Did he/she/it work/go? • Countable nouns have both a singular and a
we/you/they plural form and we can count them. We use a/an
and numbers before countable nouns.

Past Simple of the verb be a candidate – two candidates
• Uncountable nouns only have a singular form
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE and we cannot count them. We don’t use a/an or
I/He/She/It wasn’t numbers before uncountable nouns.
I/He/She/It was (= was not) Note: The words hair, time, weather, money,
We/You/They were We/You/They weren’t homework, information, advice, news are
(= were not)
uncountable nouns.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE There isn’t any money in my wallet.
Yes, I/he/she/it was.
Yes, we/you/they were. Some/Any/No/Every and their compounds
Was I/he/she/it?
Were we/you/they? • some + uncountable / plural countable nouns
No, I/he/she/it wasn’t. in affirmative sentences and in questions when we
No, we/you/they weren’t.
offer something or ask for something politely.
Note: For a list of irregular verbs go to page 117. There is some orange juice in the fridge.
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