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Grammar Reference

 While I was doing the washing up, my brother was
Note: vacuuming.
• have/has gone means that someone has gone
somewhere and is still there. Past Simple - Past Progressive
 Joan has gone to the gym. (She’s still there). Time clauses (when, while, as, as soon as)
• have/has been means that someone has visited We use the Past Progressive and the Past Simple
a place but has come back. in the same sentence when one action interrupted
 Joan has been to China. (Now she’s back). another in the past. We use the Past Progressive for
the longer action and the Past Simple for the shorter
action. In this case we usually use while, when or as.
Present Perfect Simple vs Past Simple  As/While/When they were walking in the forest,
they saw a bear.
We use the Present We use the Past  I was having a bath when the lights went out.
Perfect Simple: Simple:
• for actions that • for actions that Note: We use as soon as with the Past Simple.
happened in the past, happened at a definite  As soon as we arrived on the island, we ran to
but we don’t say when time in the past. We the beach.
exactly. say when.
 I have tasted Mexican  I tasted Mexican Prepositions of Place
food. food last night. in The clothes are in the wardrobe.
• for actions that started • for actions that started on The mirror is on the wall.
in the past and are and were completed in at Mary is standing at the bus stop.
still happening in the the past. under The cat is sleeping under the kitchen
present.  Ted worked as a table.
 Ted has worked as a waiter when he was a near Is there a post office near here?
waiter for two years. student.
(= he is still working) behind There is a boy behind that tree.
over There’s a colourful poster over my bed.
The library is opposite the bank.
opposite
since/for © MM Publications
next to Fay sat next to Charlie at the cinema.
We use the Present Perfect Simple with for and in front of John sits in front of me in class.
since for actions that started in the past and continue between The bookshop is between the theatre
up to the present. and the shopping centre.
since + a point in time I’ve had this car Note:
It refers to the time when the since 2015. • The prepositions on, in and at are used in various
action started.
other expressions.
for + a period of time I’ve had this car on: with the expressions: on the left, on the right
It refers to the duration of the for five years. in: with names of continents, countries, cities,
action. villages: in Africa, in Argentina, in Los
Present Perfect Simple + Julia has Angeles, in Wivenhoe, etc.
since + Past Simple changed jobs at: with confined areas: at the cinema, at the
To indicate when an action, three times since airport, at the station, etc.
which started in the past and she came to with addresses: He lives at 58 Park Lane.
continues up to the present, Luton. with the expressions: at work, at home,
started. at school, etc.

Module 2 Prepositions of Movement

Past Progressive to Are you going to the supermarket?
We use the Past Progressive: up Walk up this road.
• for actions that were happening at a specific point down Go down Elm Street.
of time in the past. into Don’t come into the house with that dog!
 Karen was cooking dinner at 6 o’clock yesterday out of Brian walked out of the room.
evening. through This road goes through the park.
• to set the scene in a story. across Walk across the street.
 It was early in the evening and it was raining
heavily. along Walk along King Street and then turn right.
• for actions that were happening at the same time in from Maria comes from work at five o’clock
the past. In this case we usually use while. every day.
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