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Grammar Reference

Hello

Question words When two or more people own These are John’s
two or more different things, and Rick’s bikes.
• What?: We use it to ask about things, animals
and actions. we add ’s to each owner.
 A: What’s your favourite sport? We use ’s with time I will be there in
B: Basketball. expressions. half-an-hour’s time.
• How?: We use it to ask about the way in which In some cases, we use both Mary’s friend BUT
something happens or to find out about someone’s of + ’s to show that something a friend of Mary’s
health. belongs to a person. We do this (=Mary has got
 A: How are you? to avoid confusion. many friends.)
appearance or other qualities. © MM Publications
B: Not bad.
• Who?: We use it to ask about people.
 A: Who’s that? Note:
B: My friend, Fred. We use of + noun to show that something belongs
• Where?: We use it to ask about places. to a thing or to an abstract noun.
 The windows of this house are very big.
 I’m from Paris. Where are you from?
• When?: We use it to ask about time. Personal Pronouns - Possessive
 A: When do you play tennis? Adjectives - Possessive Pronouns
B: On Mondays and Wednesdays.
• Which?: We use it when we want to select one from PERSONAL POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE
a group of things or people. PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS
 Which bag do you like? The red bag or the green SUBJECT OBJECT
bag? I me my mine
• Whose?: We use it to ask about possession.
you you your yours
 A: Whose book is this?
B: It’s my sister’s. he him his his
• Why?: We use it to ask the reason something she her her hers
happens.
 Why are you laughing? it it its -
we us our ours
Note:
We use Who… look like? to ask who somebody you you your yours
resembles. they them their theirs
We use What…. look/taste/smell like to ask about
• Subject personal pronouns are used as subjects
and go before the verb.
Possessive case  Look at that girl. She’s beautiful!
• Object personal pronouns are used after verbs as
We use the possessive case to express possession.
objects or after prepositions.
FORMATION  Look at him! He’s my brother.
Singular nouns take ’s. This is the girl’s • Possessive adjectives always go before nouns
bag. and do not take articles before them.
This is Tom’s car.  Her hat is green.
• Possessive pronouns replace possessive
Regular plural nouns take ’. That’s my parents’ adjectives + noun, so they are never followed
house.
by nouns. They can be used as short answers to
Irregular plural nouns take ’s. Here’s the children’s questions starting with whose.
room.  Your bag is brown, but mine is black.
 That cat is hers.
When two or more people own This is Mary and
the same thing, we add ’s only Ben’s flat.  Whose is this ball? It’s his.
to the last owner.

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