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Grammar Reference
Imperative
Note: Some stative verbs can be used in
• We form the imperative with the base form of the progressive tenses, but with a different meaning.
verb. We form the negative form with don’t + base • think (= process in one’s mind)
form. I’m thinking about my summer holidays.
Be quiet! • see (= meet, visit)
Don’t speak! He’s seeing the doctor tonight.
• We use the imperative to ask someone to do • have (= drink, eat, take)
something. We can use ‘please’ to be more polite. She’s having dinner with a friend.
Open your books, please! • taste (= try food)
Mum’s tasting the soup to see if it’s ready.
Module 1 • look (= see)
Why are you looking at me?
Present Simple
We use the Present Simple: Past Simple
• for permanent states. We use the Past Simple:
Sam works in a bank. • for actions that started and were completed at a
• for habits or actions that happen regularly. specific time in the past.
I always eat an egg for breakfast. I went out with Jim yesterday.
• for general truths. • for habitual or repeated actions in the past.
Water boils at 100 C. Mary often went fishing with her dad when she
o
• for an action that takes place according to a was a child.
schedule. • for completed actions that happened one after the
My plane leaves at 12 o’clock.
other in the past.
Present Progressive He opened the door, got in quietly and turned on
We use the Present Progressive: the lights.
• for permanent situations in the past.
• for temporary states. © MM Publications
I’m taking a language course this month. I lived in London for 20 years.
• for actions happening at the moment of speaking.
The dog is eating now. Time Expressions
• for future arrangements. yesterday, in 1980, etc.
We’re visiting Ireland this summer. two hours ago, five years ago, etc.
last night/week/Sunday/March, etc.
Time Expressions then, the day before yesterday
Present Simple Present Progressive
usually, always, often, now, at the moment,
occasionally, hardly ever, etc. at present Note: Look at the list of irregular verbs.
every day/week, etc. today, these days
in the morning/spring, etc. this week/year, etc. Present Perfect Simple
on Mondays / Monday morning, tonight, tomorrow,
etc. etc. We use the Present Perfect Simple:
at the weekend, etc. next week/year, etc. • for actions which happened in the past, but we
once/twice/three times, etc. don’t mention when exactly.
a week/day, etc. I’ve lost my sunglasses.
• for actions that happened in the past and their
results are obvious in the present.
Stative Verbs Derek has washed his car.
The following verbs are not normally used in • for actions which were completed a short time ago
progressive tenses. They are called stative verbs. (usually with just).
• Verbs of the senses: feel, see, hear, smell, taste,
notice, seem, look (= seem), appear, etc. I’ve just bought this CD. Do you like it?
• Verbs of emotions and preferences: love, hate, Time Expressions
like, dislike, want, need, prefer, mind, fancy, wish, etc. always, ever, never, before, so far, yet, already,
• Verbs of perception and opinion: think just, once, twice, for, since, how long, recently, etc.
(= believe), believe, know, understand, agree,
remember, forget, hope, mean, imagine, remind,
suppose, expect, promise, guess, disagree, etc. Note: Look at the list of irregular verbs.
• Other verbs: be, have (= possess), own, belong,
cost, etc.
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