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Grammar Reference

Possessive case

We use the possessive case to express possession.
FORMATION
Singular nouns take ’s. This is the girl’s bag.
This is Tom’s car.

Regular plural nouns take ’. That’s my parents’ house.
Irregular plural nouns take ’s. Here’s the children’s room. Note:
We use of + noun to show
When two or more people own the same thing, This is Mary and Ben’s flat. that something belongs
we add ’s only to the last owner. to a thing or to an abstract
noun.
When two or more people own two or more These are John’s and  The windows of this house
different things, we add ’s to each owner. Rick’s bikes. are very big.
She did not playMM Publications

Question Words
• Who?: We use it to ask about people.
 A: Who’s that?
B: My friend, Kim.
• Why?: We use it to ask about the reason for something.
 A: Why are you sad?
B: Because I can’t find my tablet.

Module 2

Past Simple of regular verbs

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS SHORT ANSWERS
FULL FORMS SHORT FORMS
I played I did not play I didn’t play Did I play? Yes, I did. No, I didn’t .

You played You did not play You didn’t play Did you play? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t .
He played He did not play He didn’t play Did he play? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t.

She played © She didn’t play Did she play? Yes, she did. No, she didn’t .
It played It did not play It didn’t play Did it play? Yes, it did. No, it didn’t .

We played We did not play We didn’t play Did we play? Yes, we did. No, we didn’t.
You played You did not play You didn’t play Did you play? Yes, you did. No, you didn’t .

They played They did not play They didn’t play Did they play? Yes, they did. No, they didn’t .

Formation of the Past Simple of regular verbs
• most verbs take -ed start started
• verbs ending in -e, take only -d dance danced
• verbs ending in a consonant + -y, take -ied try tried BUT play played
• Verbs with one syllable ending in one vowel + one consonant,
double the consonant before the -ed. stop stopped
• verbs with two or more syllables ending in a stressed vowel + one
consonant, double the consonant before the -ed prefer preferred BUT answeranswered
• verbs ending in one vowel + -l, double the -l before the -ed travel travelled BUT sailsailed

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